The Y chromosome is only found in men; likewise those who take the yDNA test must be males. For females who are interested in the yDNA result for their surname or family tree, a close male relative with that surname would need to provide the sample.

While it often is not possible to find the immediate link between matching lines, after a kinship has been established genetically through yDNA testing, it may provide clues for searching for evidence of the exact connection.   Being able to rule out lines to which a relationship is not possible is a huge help on a somewhat common surname such as Hull. In addition, identification of the “haplogroup” to which one belongs provides an interesting insight into one's deep ancestral origins.

Ethnic and Geographic Origins: All yDNA tests allow you to identify your ethnic and geographic origins, both recent and far distant on your direct paternal line. Among others, you will be able to check your Native-American or African ancestry as well as for the Cohanim ancestry. This is identified by the Haplogroup. The yDNA test results suggest the Haplogroup into which your DNA signature belongs but can be confirmed by either the Backbone SNP test or the Deep-SNP test after the test results are received.

The Hull DNA research associated lab, FTDNA, is now offering for its customers who have already tested their yDNA, a series of tests called “Deep Clade Tests” which go deeper into Haplogroup history. The Haplogroup test will test a single SNP, to determine which Haplogroup, or major branch of the tree is the donor’s. Once the Haplogroup is known, a Deep Clade Panel to test and identify the other SNP mutations that occurred can be utilized to find the donor’s twig on the yDNA tree. If you have additional questions about either of these tests, please contact us. info@hull.familydna.net.

 Y-Chromosome - DNA tests

Y-DNA12 - 12 Marker Test: this test is the world standard to verify the Y chromosome for genetic matches between males. Results are placed in our Y-DNA database and when 2 people show the same identical results, we will inform both parties if they have both signed the FTDNA Release Form. The customer receives a Certificate & report generally describing Y-DNA sequencing and the meaning of the probability between matches. Hull DNA Research group discount cost is $99 (plus $2 S&H).

The yDNA 12 marker test is considered an “entry level” test. If a match is found with another Hull on the yDNA 12 marker test, the person will be encouraged to upgrade to a greater number of markers to confirm that there are enough additional markers matching so that the common ancestor would be in a genealogically significant time period. No new sample is needed for an upgrade but additional time will be required for the sample to be rerun. See costs below for the upgrade or refine test.

Y-DNA25 - 25 Marker Test: This panel tests the Y-chromosome for genetic matches between males. Results are placed in the yDNA database and when two people show the same identical or near identical results, both donors will be informed if there is match if both signed the FTDNA Release Form. A perfect match of 25 markers means that the two matching individuals shared a common ancestor in more recent time period than the 12 marker test. Hull DNA Research group discount cost is $148 (plus $2 S&H).

Y-DNA37 - 37 Marker Test: This panel tests the Y-chromosome for genetic matches between males. Results are placed in the yDNA database and when two people show the same identical or near identical results, both donors will be informed if there is match if both signed the FTDNA Release Form. A perfect match of 37 markers means that the two matching individuals shared a common ancestor in recent times. Hull DNA Research group discount cost is $189 (plus $2 S&H). At this time, the Y-DNA37 marker test is considered by the Group Administrator to be the most markers really needed.

Y-DNA67 - 67 Marker Test: The highest resolution yDNA test in the world tests the Y chromosome for genetic matches between males. Results are placed in the yDNA database and when two people show the same identical or near identical results, both donors will be informed if there is match if both signed the FTDNA Release Form. A perfect match of 67 markers means a very, very close connection, i.e., a common ancestor in very recent times. Hull DNA Research group discount cost is $269 (plus $2 S&H).

Y-Refine12to25: This refinement of the 12 marker yDNA test reduces the time (in generations) to the Most Recent Common Ancestor; yDNA 12 to 25 adds 13 additional markers to your previous results without the need for you to provide an additional sample; therefore, it can't be ordered as a stand-alone test without having previously ordered the yDNA 12 test. Hull DNA Research group discount cost is $49.

Y-Refine 12to37: This refinement of our 12 marker yDNA test dramatically reduces the time (in generations) to the Most Recent Common Ancestor; yDNA 12 to 37 adds 25 additional markers to your previous results without the need for you to provide an additional sample. Therefore it cannot be ordered as a stand-alone test without having previously ordered a yDNA test. Hull DNA Research group discount cost is $99.

Y-Refine 12to67: This refinement of the 12 marker yDNA test dramatically reduces the time (in generations) to the Most Recent Common Ancestor; yDNA 12to67 adds 55 additional markers to your previous results without the need for you to provide an additional sample. Therefore it can't be ordered as a stand-alone test without your having previously ordered the Y-DNA test. Unless you have several matches at 37 markers, testing to the 67 marker level at this time is probably not cost effective. Thirty-seven markers are considered a good level of testing until you have several matches at 37. Hull DNA Research group discount cost is $189.

Y-Refine 25to37: This refinement of the 25 marker yDNA test reduces the time (in generations) to the Most Recent Common Ancestor; yDNA 25 to 37 adds 12 additional markers to your previous results without the need for you to provide an additional sample. Therefore, it can't be ordered as a stand-alone test without having previously ordered the yDNA test. Hull DNA Research group discount cost is $49.

Y-Refine 25to67: This refinement of the 25 marker yDNA test dramatically reduces the time (in generations) to the Most Recent Common Ancestor; yDNA 25 to 67 adds 42 additional markers to previous results without the need to provide an additional sample. Therefore, it can't be ordered as a stand-alone test without having previously ordered the yDNA test. Hull DNA Research group discount cost is $148.

Y-Refine37to67: This refinement of our 37 marker Y-DNA test dramatically reduces the time (in generations) to the Most Recent Common Ancestor. Y-DNA37to67 adds 30 additional markers to your previous results without the need for you to provide an additional sample. Therefore it can't be ordered as a stand-alone test without your having previously ordered the Y-DNA test. Hull DNA Research group discount cost is $99.

Mitochondria - mtDNA Tests

MtDNA:  The mtDNA (maternal DNA) is associated with females and the female lineage of males. These tests are available from the Hull DNA Research associated testing lab; Family Tree DNA (FTDNA), but because they do not test for the Hull surname, they are not an integral part of the Hull DNA Research Project. Any member has the option to order these maternal line tests but they do not impact the Hull Surname as such. Their value is more anthropological rather than genealogical.

Combined mtDNA and Y-DNA chromosome tests are available but are not necessary for the Hull DNA Research Project and are considered optional tests that a person might pursue.

HULL DNA RESEARCH (HDR) IS ABOUT HELP; NOT CONTROL